Planetary Geology and Astrobiology

陨石和微升华是非地球/月亮岩石物体的唯一可访问的实心材料之一，通常保留可以追溯到太阳系形成的过程记录。bob综合游戏陨石的分类基于矿物学，散装化学和同位素组成的组合，并且通常依赖于破坏性的分析技术。但是，有关其起源的信息不仅来自批量构图，还来自矿物质和元素的空间分布。地球化学和矿物学映射技术提供了这些关键数据。

• Rapid major and trace element analysis by theTRACER要么TITANhandheld XRF makes identification of many meteorite classes in the field or in the lab simple, limiting the number of samples that need further investigation by more expensive techniques. See an examplehere.
• Elemental mapping usingM4 TORNADO和M4 TORNADO PLUSmicro-XRF instruments allow bulk geochemical data without the need for destruction of sensitive samples. Maps allow comparison of domains present within a single sample, such as compositional differences between breccia fragments or assessment of primary mineralogy versus secondary alteration products formed during impacts, transit through Earth's atmosphere, or on the Earth's surface. Additionally, compositional maps provide context and improved targeting for further analysis by higher-resolution techniques such as isotope analysis.
• When looking at higher magnifications on smaller samples,QUANTAX EDS和QUANTAX WDSsystems for scanning electron microscopes provide compositional point analysis at micron- and sub-micron scales and mapping in detail over areas as large as a thin section. Couple these detectors withQUANTAX EBSDto constrain mineral structural information.
• Bruker's vibrational spectroscopy solutions such as the Hyperion seriesFT-IR microscope和Senterra Raman microscopedelve deeper where elemental data is insufficient, such as characterization of amorphous vs crystalline materials, and identification of inorganic vs organic carbon.
• X-ray Diffractionis used by many of the top museums in the verification of meteorite specimens. The extreme conditions that the metals are subject to often result in the discovery of unique new phases. Lunar Materials and Collections (add bullet point): The fine, powder like surface of the moon, referred to as lunar regolith has a make-up quite different than terrestrial materials. X-ray Diffraction plays an complementary role to elemental techniques, such as XRF, as it is sensitive to the crystallographic structure of the material. Analog studies (add bullet point): When studying the effects of martian and lunar dust on equipment it is important to account not only for the elemental composition, but also the crystallographic structure of the simulant. The D2 PHASER is commonly used in Lunar and Mars simulant studies to ensure that the phase quantification of simulants matches these extraterrestrial environments.
  

模拟研究有助于为其他行星上的地质工作做准备，并为我们的太阳系中的其他岩石身体提供洞察力。模拟现场探险将地球的相似部分转变为现场研究，开发实验室以及程序，方法和技术的验证理由。模拟科学任务探讨了地球上地面环境的极端，以更好地了解当前或过去的行星位置的过程和产物。选择模拟位点，用于与其他行星，卫星或小行星的地质，环境或化学相似性。Bruker工具用于行星模拟研究中：

• Develop standard operating procedures for the use of portable instrumentation during surface explorations
• Test policies and procedures for detailed scientific analysis in habs or surface vehicles
• Gather information about the validity and limitations of robotic data collecting
• Develop and test planetary protection protocols and biocontainment countermeasures
• Observe and understand biogeochemical processes in extreme environments including extreme chemistries, temperatures, and pressures.

Much about what we know of bombardment processes comes from the study of terrestrial impact craters. From the geometry of the final crater, reaction products (deformed rocks and minerals, impact melts, and ejecta) formed due to the high velocity of the impact and the ages of impact events, these remnants of past impacts tell us much about processes that shaped Earth and other rocky planets. Micro-structural and -compositional analysis of terrestrial impact products represent a first order constraint on models and projections for impact processes that have operated on Earth and elsewhere in the solar system.

• M4 TORNADO,M4 TORNADO PLUS, andM6 JETSTREAMMicro-XRF仪器能够快速表征大样品和钻头，以识别撞击产物，例如冲击熔体和Tephra或球形床。主要元素和次要元素分布对岩石纹理的解释具有更大的信心，而微量元素可能会证实存在撞击器的细粒度残留物。
• QUANTAX EDS,QUANTAX WDS和QUANTAX EBSDsystems for scanning electron microscopes allow compositional and structural characterization down to micron and sub-micron scales, confirming the presence of deformation bands or twinning in minerals and occurrence of high-pressure mineral polymorphs allowing the size and velocities of impact events to be constrained.