Art and Document Fraud

Fraud in the world of art has been with us for centuries, with fake paintings passed off as real, or paintings doctored to allow attribution to masters. Less attention is paid to art objects, which may be recent replicates, or the product of historic attempts to pass off fakes as genuine. The correct identification of genuine vs fake has significant financial implications for buyers and sellers alike, and the wrong conclusion lead to significant embarrassment to individuals and institutions.

A common approach to forensic investigation of artworks involves detailed compositional characterization of pigments. The types of pigments used, and even the compositional purity of the same pigment, have changed through time as sources of raw materials and technologies changed. Through extensive documentation understanding of these changes is well known, allowing accurate chemical analysis of pigments on paintings, ceramic objects and other pieces to be used with other identifying features to place these items into their correct historic context and determine their authenticity. Bruker's micro-XRF solutions provide one such method for rapid and robust elemental characterization of pigments and substrates to verify the authenticity of works of art.

In a handwritten document, liquid ballpoint pen inks penetrate the microfibers of the paper, so that the top of the microfibers of the paper is soaked with ballpoint pen ink. Depending on what was previously under the top layer of ink, the infrared spectrum changes and according to the degree of saturation, there can be distinct ink deviations.

在相邻的图片中，您可以清楚地看到一个8是由原始3制成的3。以相同的方式，可以将完全不同的墨水识别为例如验证古董文档的真实性。通常，FT-IR光谱法对任何类型的材料提供了无损，清晰的化学分析，可能是有机的或无机的。

油墨也是一个有用的化学成分ls in the attribution of documents and subsequent identification of potential fraud. In historic manuscripts iron gall and other inks have specific compositions that may relate to time periods, or just differences in local manufacture. Similarly, modern inks used by printers or in pens show distinct chemical differences that can be linked to specific brands, and while colors may seem similar their chemical compositions can be used to detect if a document has been altered.

Bruker'sM4 TORNADOenables rapid, non-destructive compositional mapping of documents to enable detailed characterization of inks, and in some cases the paper or parchment substrate. Historic iron gall inks may show distinct differences in Fe, but also other impurities such as Zn. Ball-point pen inks may show differences in Cu, Zn and S. The different elemental ratios of the individual inks, or the absence / presence of a specific ink in a manuscript or on a document, may provide valuable information on its genesis or hint to document frauds.

The investigation of an potentially forged art objects includes the judgement of art historians about plausibility of style and craftsmanship as well as the analysis of used materials by forensic methods.

IR and Raman spectroscopy give insight into the range of chemical compounds that were used to create a certain piece or art and allow to compare these findings with the artistic materials that actually were available in the time of origin.

拉曼微光谱镜检查非常强大，可以选择性地鉴定绘画中的单个颜色，尤其是无机色素。此外，它非常有吸引力，因为可以直接在样品上直接进行分析。

Portable XRF
Bruker的泰坦和CTX XRF解决方案，用于以完全移动格式的固体和液体的Mg到U的元素分析。用于快速识别材料，或用于完全定量的组成分析。bob综合游戏

TXRF
The field transportable S2 PICOFOX and lab-based S4 T-STAR total reflection XRF spectrometers for elemental analysis of liquids and solids down to sub-ppb detection limits without the need for complex lab infrastructure.

FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy
We offer a selection of compact and powerful spectrometers for on-site and laboratory analysis, providing fast and reliable chemical analysis of evidence.

FT-IR和拉曼显微镜
asd For micro chemical analysis we offer a comprehensive portfolio of Raman and Infrared microscopes that are perfectly suited to analyze smallest traces as well as brittle or sensitive evidence